ልጅ እንዳልካቸው መኮንን

ራስ ቢትወደድ መኮንን እንዳልካቸው

 አርበኛ፣ ስደተኛ፣ የውጭ ጉዳይ አደራዳሪ፣ ታላቅ ደራሲና በንጉሠ ነገሥቱ መንግሥት የመጀመሪያው ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ሆነው ያገለገሉ ኢትዮጵያዊ ናቸው።

መኮንን እንዳልካቸው የካቲት 10 ቀን 1883  ዓ/ም ከአባታቸው ከባላምባራስ እንዳልካቸው አብርቄ እና ከናታቸው ከወይዘሮ አቦነሽ ተክለ ማርያም በሸዋ ጠቅላይ ግዛት ተጉለት፣ አዲስጌ ላይ ተወለዱ።

ትምህርታቸውን አዲስ አበባ በዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ትምህርት ቤት ካጠናቀቁ በኋላ ካርቱም ከሚገኘው የሶባት የጦር መኮንኖች ትምህርት ቤት ተመርቀዋል። በዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ትምህርት ቤት ሳሉ የትምህርት አቻዎቻቸው እነ ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን እና ልጅ ዕምሩ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ነበሩ።

ልጅ መኮንን እንዳልካቸው “የሕልም ሩጫ” በተባለው መጽሐፋቸው ላይ በዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ዘመን የጀመረው የሥልጣን እርምጃቸው የልጅ ኢያሱ ሞግዚት እና እንደራሴ የነበሩት አጎታቸው፣ ራስ ተሰማ ናደው ካረፉ በኋላ በተለያዩ ባለ ሥልጣናት እንደተገታ አሥፍረውልናል።

በንግሥተ ነገሥታት ዘውዲቱ ዘመን

በንግሥት ዘውዲቱ ዘመን የተማሪ ቤት ጓደኛቸው ራስ ተፈሪ መኮንን የአልጋ ወራሽነትን ሥልጣን እንደያዙ ወዲያው ‘ልጅ መኮንን’ ተብለው በ1909 ዓ/ም የወንበሮ፣ አብቹና ማሰት አውራጃ ገዥ ሆነው ተሹመው ለአራት ዓመታት ቆዩ።

በ1913 ዓ/ም የምድር ባቡር ተቆጣጣሪ ሆነው ተሹመው፣ እስከ 1918 ዓ/ም ሲያገለግሉ ከቆዩ በኋላ የንግድ ሚኒስትር ሆነው እስከ1922 በሠሩበት ወቅት ፓሪስ ላይ በተካሄደው የጦር መሣሪያ ጉባዔ ላይ አገራቸውን ወክለው ተሳትፈዋል።

በብሪታኒያ የመጀመሪያው የኢትዮጵያ ቋሚ መላክተኛ ሆነው የተሾሙት ነጋድራስ (በኋላ ራስ ቢትወደድ) መኮንን እንዳልካቸው፣ የሹመት ደብዳቤያቸውን ለንጉሥ ጆርጅ አምስተኛ ተወካይ ለአልጋ ወራሹ የዌልስ መስፍን (የወደፊቱ ንጉሥ ኤድዋርድ ስምንተኛ) ኅዳር 10 ቀን 1922 ዓ/ም በባኪንግሃም ቤተ መንግሥት አቅርበዋል። በዚህም የሥራ መደብ ሁለት ዓመት አገልግለዋል። ^[1]

በብሪታኒያ የውጭ ጉዳይ ሚኒስቴር ሚያዝያ ፳፮ ቀን 1929 ዓ/ም ያወጣው “የኢትዮጵያ ትላልቅ ሰዎች ዝርዝር” ላይ በተራ ቁጥር 82 ስለተመዘገቡት ነጋድራስ መኮንን እንዳልካቸው ሲተነትን፤ በጥቅምት ወር 1923 ዓ/ም ለተከናወነው የቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ የንግሥ በዓል ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ተመልሰው ሲገቡ፣ ያጋጠማቸው አዲስ አበባ ከተማ እንዳይገቡ የመታገድ ትዕዛዝ እንደነበረና ምክንያቱም ፓሪስ ላይ በወቅቱ የራስ ጉግሳ አርአያ ሚስት ከነበሩት የንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ታላቅ ወንድም ልጅ፣ ልዕልት የሻሸወርቅ ይልማ ጋር ባልገዋል በሚል እንደነበር፤ ራስ ጉግሳም በኋላ በዚሁ ምክንያት ሚስታቸውን እንደፈቱ እና ነጋድራስ የአሥር ሺ የኢትዮጵያ ብር ቅጣት እንደተጣለባቸው ዘግቧል። ^[2]

የዚህን ዘገባ ትክክለኛነት ከሌላ ምንጭ ማረጋግጥ ባይቻልም ወደሎንዶን ሥራቸው እንዳልተመለሱና በቋሚ መላክተኝነት በጅሮንድ ዘለቀ አግደው ተክተዋቸው የሹመት ደብዳቤያቸውን ሐምሌ ፲፮ ቀን 1923  ዓ/ም ማቅረባቸውን ‘የሎንዶን ጋዜት’ ይዘግባል። ^[3] በኋላም ከልዕልቲቱ ጋር በ1928 ዓ/ም ተጋብተው እስከ ዕለተ ሞታቸው ድረስ የትዳር ጓዶች እንደነበሩ ይታወሳል።

በቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ዘመነ-መንግሥት

ከሎንድን ከተመለሱበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ ለቀጠሉት አሥራ አራት ወራት ገደማ በምን ሥራ ላይ ተሰማርተው እንደነበር መረጃዎች ባይገልጹም፣ የሚቀጥለው ምድባቸው በታኅሣሥ ወር 1924 ዓ/ም 8ኛው የአዲስ አበባ ከንቲባ ኾነው ተሹመው ለሁለት ዓመታት አገልግለዋል። ከዚህም ምደባ በኋላ የኢሉባቡር ጠቅላይ-ግዛት አገር ገዢ ሆነው የጠላት ወረራ ድረስ የሠሩ ሲሆን ወደዘመቻውም የሄዱት ከዚሁ ጠቅላይ ግዛት ሠራዊት ጋር ነበር።

በጠላት ወረራ ጊዜ

በጦርነቱ ዝግጅት በሚደረግበት ወቅት፣ ደጃዝማች መኮንን እና ሌሎችም መሪዎች ለቀኙ ደቡብ ክፍል የጦር ሠራዊት አዝማች ሆነው ለተመደቡት ለሐረር መስፍን እንደራሴው ለደጃዝማች ነሲቡ ዘአማኔል ረዳት ሆነው ተመደቡ። ^[4] ጣልያኖቹ በቁጥር እና በዘመናዊ መሣሪያ የበለጡ ቢሆኑም በኦጋዴን በኩል የመጣው የጣልያን ግንባር-ቀደም ሠራዊት፤ በደጃዝማች መኮንን የተመራው የኢሉባቡር ሠራዊትን ጨምሮ፣ በሦስት ግንባር በተሰለፉት ኢትዮጵያውያን ጠንካራ ምክት ተቸግሮ ነበር። በተለይም ^[5]ከማይጨው ጦርነት ሽንፈት በኋላ ንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ከቤተሰባቸውና ከአንዳንድ መኳንንት ጋር በስደት ወደአውሮፓ ሲያመሩ፤ በኦጋዴን በኩል ሲከላከሉ የቆዩት ደጃዝማች መኮንን እና ሦስት ሌሎች የጦር አለቆች በስደት ወደ ኢየሩሳሌም አመሩ። ^[6]

በኢየሩሳሌም ደጃዝማች መኮንንን በሚመለከት በስደት ዘመን ስለተከሰቱ አንዳንድ ነገሮች፤ ደጃዝማች ከበደ ተሰማ፣ “የታሪክ ማስታወሻ” በተባለው መጽሐፋቸው ላይ ሲያወጉን፦ ጠላት እዚያ ተጠልለው የነበሩትን መሳፍንትና መኳንንት «አስጨንቆ ከጠላት እየታረቁ እንዲገቡና ንጉሠ ነገሥቱ የተሰደዱበትን ዓላማ ለማሳሳት በማሰብ ብዙ የማንገራበድና የማስፈራራት ሥራ ይሠሩ ነበር።» ይሉና በኢየሩሳሌም የኢትዮጵያ ገዳም ንብረት የነበረውን እጁ ለማግባት እና የገዳሙን ማስረጃ ሰነዶች ለመውሰድ፣ በገዳሙ የነበሩትን አንዳንድ ኤርትራዊ መነኮሳትን በመጠቀም ያዘጋጁትን ደባ በመስበርና፤ ሰነዶቹን በማሸግ ከተሳተፉት መኻል አንዱ ደጃዝማች መኮንን እንደነበሩ አስፍረውታል። ^[7]

ደጃዝማች ከበደ፤ በዚያው በኢየሩሳሌም፤ ቀድሞ ንግሥት ነገሥታት ዘውዲቱ ለገዳሙ መናንያኖችና ምዕመኖች መተዳደሪያ የገቢ ምንጭ እንዲሆን ያሠሩትን ቤት በፊት የኢትዮጵያ ቆንስል ያስተዳድር የነበረውን ጠባቂነቱ ተዛውሮ ወደስደተኞች ወኪል ወደተደረጉት ደጃዝማች መኮንን ተላልፎ ይሠራ እንደነበርም ዘግበዋል። ^[8]

የኢጣልያ መንግሥት ኢትዮጵያን የመንግሥቷ አካል እንዳደረገችና የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥትነትን ማዕርግ ለንጉሧ ለቪክቶር ኢማኑኤል ሣልሳዊ እንዳደርገች ግንቦት 1 ቀን 1928 ዓ/ም አወጀች። የብሪታንያ መንግሥት ግን ለዚህ አዋጅ የይፋ እውቅና ከመስጠቱ በፊት ግንቦት 4 ቀን 1929 ዓ/ም ለተፈጸመው የንጉሥ ጆርጅ ሳድሳዊ የንግሥ በዓል እንዲገኙ ጃንሆይን ጋብዞ ነበር። ዳሩ ግን በዚሁ ሥነ ሥርዓት ላይ ሊገኝ ተጋብዞ የነበረው የኢጣልያው አልጋ ወራሽ (በኋላ ንጉሥ) ኡምቤርቶ እንደማይመጣ እና የኢጣልያም ጋዜጠኞች በሙሉ በሥነ-ሥርዓቱ ላይ እንዳይገኙ ሙሶሊኒ ማዘዙ ሲታወቅ፤ ^[9] ደጃዝማች መኮንን እንዳልካቸው ወደ ሎንድን ተጉዘው ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴን በመወከል ከአቶ ኤፍሬም ተወልደመድኅን ጋር ተገኝተዋል። ^[10]

ከድል በኋላ እስከ ሕልፈት

ደጃዝማች መኮንን እንዳልካቸው፣ እንግሊዞች ጃንሆይን ወደሱዳን ካመጧቸው በኋላ በስደት በየቦታው የነበሩትን ኢትዮጵያውያን በሱዳን ሲያሰባስቡ ከነበሩበት ከኢየሩሳሌም ወደንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ከሄዱት መኳንንት መሀል አንዱ ነበሩ።

ድርሰቶች

ልብ-ወለድ

·         አልሞትኹም ብዬ አልዋሽም

·         ፀሐይ መስፍን

·         የድሆች ከተማ

·         ያይኔ አበባ

·         ቴዎድሮስና ጣይቱ ብጡል

·         ዦሮ ጠቢ

ተውኔት

·         የቃኤል ድንጋይ

·         የደም ድምጽ

·         ሣልሳዊ ዳዊት

·         ሰውና ሐሳብ {ዳዊትና ኦርዮን)

·         ዓለም ወረተኛ (ቀድሞ "ያይኔ አበባ" በሚል ርዕስ የታተመ)

ሥነ ልቡናና ሳይንስ

·         ከቡቃያ እስከመከር

ፍልስፍናዊ አሳቤ

·         ወልደ ጻዲቅ

ሌሎች

·         የይሁዳ አንበሳ ለምን ተንሸነፈ

·         ሰውና ሐሳብ

·         የደም ዘመን

·         አርሙኝ (የቃየል ድንጋይን፤ የደም ድምጽን፤ዓለም ወረተኛን፤ የድኾች ከተማን፤ ሰውና ሐሳብን፤ ሣልሳዊ ዳዊትን፤ አምልሞትሁም ብዬ አልዋሽምን እና የማይጨው ዘመቻና የዓለም ፖለቲካን ያካተተ) ^[11]

·         መልካም ቤተሰቦች

·         የሕልም ሩጫ (ግለ-ታሪክ)

ማጣቀሻዎት

1.   ^ London Gazette; Issue 33554 (Nov. 1929) p 7532

2.   ^ P. R. O., F.O. 37/20940/0040, [J 2157/2157/1] (1937) # 82

3.   ^ London Gazette; Issue 33739 (July 1931) p 4940

4.   ^ ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ "ሕይወቴና የኢትዮጵያ እርምጃ" ፩ኛ መጽሐፍ (ብርሃና ሰላም ማተሚያ ቤት፡፲፱፻፷፭ዓ/ም)፣ ገጽ ፻፺፰

5.   ^ Bahru Zewde (2001); p 157

6.   ^ ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ "ሕይወቴና የኢትዮጵያ እርምጃ" ፩ኛ መጽሐፍ (ብርሃንና ሰላም ማተሚያ ቤት፡፲፱፻፷፭ዓ/ም)፣ ገጽ ፪፻፵፯

7.   ^ ደጃዝማች ከበደ ተሰማ፤"የታሪክ ማስታወሻ"፤ (፲፱፻፷፭ዓ/ም)፣ ገጽ ፻፸፫

8.   ^ ደጃዝማች ከበደ ተሰማ፤"የታሪክ ማስታወሻ"፤ (፲፱፻፷፭ዓ/ም)፣ ገጽ ፻፸፭

9.   ^ Lamb (1989); p 204

10. ^ London Gazette; Issue 34453 (November 1937) p 7041

11. ^ ብርሃነ መስቀል ደጀኔ እና ጌታሁን ሽብሩ፤ "ያሠርቱ ምዕት ፥ የብርዕ ምርት"፤ጳጉሜ ፫ ቀን ፲፱፻፺፱ ዓ/ም፤ ገጽ ፲፰

ዋቢ ምንጮች

·         ደጃዝማች ከበደ ተሰማ፤ “የታሪክ ማስታወሻ” (1965 ዓ/ም)

·         ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ፤ “ሕይወቴና የኢትዮጵያ እርምጃ" (፩ኛ መጽሐፍ)፤(ብርሃንና ሰላም ማተሚያ ቤት: 1965 ዓ/ም)

·         Dictionary of African Christian Biography http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/makonnen_e.html

·         Lamb, Richard; The Drift to War; (W. H. Allen & Co. Plc.፡ 1989)

·         London Gazette; Issue 33554 (HMSO: 22 November 1929)

·         London Gazette; Issue 33739 (HMSO: 28 July 1931)

·         London Gazette; Issue 34453 (HMSO: 10 November 1937.

·         P. R. O., F.O. 37/20940/0040, [J 2157/2157/1] “Record of Leading Personalities in Abyssinia”.- (as amended by Addis Ababa Despatch No. 54 of March 18, 1937),(HMSO: May 4, 1937)

·         Zewde, Bahru; “A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991”; (Ohio University Press: (Second Edition) 2001)